How Far Is Tonga To California

Country in the Due south Pacific

Not to exist confused with Tongoa in Vanuatu.

Coordinates: twenty°S 175°Westward  /  twenty°Southward 175°W  / -20; -175

Kingdom of Tonga Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga (Tongan)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:" Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa " "God and Tonga are my inheritance"
Canticle: " Ko due east fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo eastward ʻOtu Tonga " "Song of the King of the Tongan Islands"
Capital and largest city	Nukuʻalofa 21°08′South 175°12′W  /  21.133°South 175.200°West  / -21.133; -175.200
Official languages	Tongan English
Ethnic groups (2018[i])	97% Tongan 0.vii% Euronesians ii.iii% Others
Religion (2016)[two]	96.9% Christianity —53.7% Methodism —18.6% Mormonism —fourteen.ii% Catholicism —10.4% Other Christian two.2% Baha'i faith 0.5% No organized religion 0.3% Others
Demonym(southward)	Tongan
Government	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Tupou 6
• Prime number Minister	Siaosi Sovaleni
• Assembly Speaker	Fatafehi Fakafanua
Legislature	Legislative Assembly
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Independence declared	4 June 1970
Expanse
• Total	748 kmtwo (289 sq mi) (175th)
• H2o (%)	4.0
Population
• 2021 census	100,209[3] (199th)
• Density	139/km2 (360.0/sq mi) (76tha)
GDP(PPP)	2019 estimate
• Full	$655 million
• Per capita	$half dozen,496[4]
Gdp(nominal)	2019 estimate
• Full	$493 million
• Per capita	$four,888[4]
Gini(2015)	37.6[v] medium
HDI(2021)	0.745[6] loftier  · 91st
Currency	Paʻanga (TOP)
Time zone	UTC+13
Driving side	left
Calling code	+676
ISO 3166 code	TO
Net TLD	.to
Based on 2005 figures.

Tonga (, ; Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited.^[1] Its full surface expanse is about 750 km^two (290 sq mi), scattered over 700,000 km² (270,000 sq mi) in the southern Pacific Bounding main. As of 2021, according to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494,^{[7] [viii] [9]} 70% of whom reside on the main island, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately 800 km (500 mi) north-south. It is surrounded by Republic of the fiji islands and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest; Samoa to the northeast; New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west; Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the eastward; and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) from New Zealand's Northward Isle.

First inhabited roughly two,500 years ago past the Lapita civilization, Tonga'southward Polynesian settlers gradually evolved a distinct and stiff indigenous identity, language, and culture equally the Tongan people. They were quick to establish a powerful footing across the Due south Pacific, and this menstruation of Tongan expansionism and colonization is known as the Tuʻi Tonga Empire. From the dominion of the starting time Tongan king, ʻAhoʻeitu, Tonga grew into a regional power. It was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the westward to Samoa and Niue and even every bit far as parts of modern-day French Polynesia in the due east. Tuʻi Tonga became renowned for its economic, ethnic, and cultural influence over the Pacific, which remained potent even subsequently the Samoan revolution of the 13th century and Europeans' discovery of the islands in 1616.^[10]

From 1900 to 1970, Tonga had British protected-state status. The Britain looked after Tonga's strange affairs nether a Treaty of Friendship, only Tonga never relinquished its sovereignty to any foreign power. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step away from its traditional absolute monarchy and became a fully-functioning ramble monarchy, afterward legislative reforms paved the way for its first fractional representative elections.

Etymology [edit]

In many Polynesian languages, including Tongan, the word tonga (, ; Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]),^{[eleven] [12] [13]} comes from fakatonga, which means "southwards", and the archipelago is so named because it is the southernmost group amongst the island groups of western Polynesia.^[14] The give-and-take tonga is cognate to the Hawaiian word "kona", meaning "leeward", which is the origin of the name for the Kona District in Hawai'i.^[xv]

Tonga became known in the West equally the "Friendly Islands" considering of the fraternal reception accorded to Helm James Cook on his first visit in 1773. He arrived at the fourth dimension of the annual ʻinasi festival, which centres on the donation of the Start Fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga (the islands' monarch), and so he received an invitation to the festivities. Ironically, according to the writer William Mariner, the political leaders really wanted to impale Cook during the gathering, but did not go through with it because they could not agree on a plan of action for accomplishing information technology.^[16]

History [edit]

According to Tongan mythology, the demigod Maui drew up a group of islands from the sea, first appearing Lofanga, the Ha'apai Islands and Vava'u, integrating into what became mod-day Tonga.^{[ citation needed ]}

An Austronesian-speaking group linked to what archaeologists call the Lapita culture covered from Island Melanesia to Samoa, and and so on to inhabit Tonga sometime between 1500 and thou BC.^[17] Scholars however debate exactly when Tonga was starting time settled, but thorium dating confirms that settlers had arrived in the earliest known inhabited boondocks, Nukuleka, by 888 BC, ± viii years.^[xviii] Tonga'due south precontact history was shared via oral history, which was passed down from generation to generation.

By the 12th century, Tongans and the Tongan monarch, the Tuʻi Tonga, had acquired a reputation across the central Pacific – from Niue, Samoa, Rotuma, Wallis & Futuna, New Caledonia to Tikopia, leading some historians to speak of a Tuʻi Tonga Empire having existed during that period. Ceremonious wars are known to take occurred in Tonga in the 15th and 17th centuries.

William Mariner was a teenaged English sailor adopted into a imperial Tongan family unit.

The Tongan people kickoff encountered Europeans in 1616, when the Dutch vessel Eendracht, captained by Willem Schouten, made a brusk visit to the islands for the purpose of engaging in trade. Later, other Dutch explorers arrived, including Jacob Le Maire (who visited the northern isle of Niuatoputapu); and Abel Tasman (who visited Tongatapu and Haʻapai) in 1643. Later on noteworthy European visitors included James Cook, of the British Purple Navy, in 1773, 1774, and 1777; Spanish Navy explorers Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa in 1781; Alessandro Malaspina in 1793; the start London missionaries in 1797; and a Wesleyan Methodist minister, Reverend Walter Lawry, in 1822.

Whaling vessels were among the earliest regular Western visitors. The first of these on record is the Ann and Promise, which was reported to accept been seen among the islands of Tonga in June 1799.^[nineteen] The terminal known whaling visitor was the Albatross in 1899. That ship arrived in Tonga seeking a resupply of water, food, and woods. The islands most regularly visited by Westerners were Ata, 'Eua, Ha'apai, Tongatapu and Vava'u. Sometimes, Tongan men were recruited to serve equally crewmen on these vessels. The U.s.a. Exploring Expedition visited Tonga in 1840.^[xx]

In 1845, an ambitious young Tongan warrior, strategist, and orator named Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, only had been baptised past Methodist missionaries with the name Siaosi ("George") in 1831. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, he declared Tonga a ramble monarchy; formally adopted the Western royal style; emancipated the "serfs"; enshrined a lawmaking of police, land tenure, and liberty of the press; and limited the power of the chiefs.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Tonga became a protected land under a Treaty of Friendship with United kingdom on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs unsuccessfully tried to oust the human being who had succeeded Tāufaʻāhau equally male monarch. The treaty posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British consul (1901–1970). Nether the protection of Great britain, Tonga maintained its sovereignty, and remained the only Pacific nation to retain its monarchical government. The Tongan monarchy follows an uninterrupted succession of hereditary rulers from ane family.^[21]

The 1918 flu pandemic, brought to Tonga by a ship from New Zealand, killed 1,800 Tongans, a mortality charge per unit of about 8%.^[22]

The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protection status concluded in 1970 nether arrangements that had been established by Tonga'due south Queen Salote Tupou III before her death in 1965. Owing to its British ties, Tonga joined the Commonwealth in 1970 (atypically as a state that had its own monarch, rather than having the Britain'south monarch, forth with Malaysia, Lesotho, and Eswatini). Tonga became a member of the United nations in September 1999.^[23] While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has always governed itself, which makes information technology unique in the Pacific.^[24]

In January 2022, the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano, 65 km (40 mi) n of the chief island of Tongatapu, erupted, causing a tsunami which inundated parts of the archipelago, including the capital Nukuʻalofa. The eruption affected the kingdom heavily, cutting off most communications^[25] and killing four people in Tonga, including a British national who ran an animal shelter and died trying to save her dogs.^[26] In Peru, 2 women drowned due to abnormal tsunami waves.^[27] It took effectually five weeks to repair a submarine fiber optic cablevision used in the Tonga Cable System for internet and phone connectivity.^[28] Business magnate Elon Musk directed his visitor SpaceX to provide emergency cyberspace services to households remaining under coma via a Starlink satellite infrastructure network based in neighbouring Fiji.^{[29] [xxx]}

Politics [edit]

King George, of the Friendly Islands (1852)^[31]

Tonga is a constitutional monarchy. It is the only remaining indigenous monarchy in the Pacific islands (see also Hawaiʻi). Reverence for the monarch replaces that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tuʻi Tonga. Criticism of the monarch is held to exist contrary to Tongan culture and etiquette. Tonga provides for its citizens a free and mandatory instruction for all, secondary education with only nominal fees, and foreign-funded scholarships for postsecondary pedagogy.

The prodemocracy movement in Tonga promotes reforms, including better representation in the Parliament for the majority of commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. An overthrow of the monarchy is not part of the movement, and the institution of monarchy continues to concord popular support, even while reforms are advocated. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, merely major help donors and neighbours New Zealand and Commonwealth of australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions.

Following the precedents of Queen Sālote and the counsel of numerous international advisors, the authorities of Tonga under Male monarch Tāufaʻāhau Tupou Iv (reigned 1965–2006) monetised the economy, internationalised the medical and education systems, and enabled admission by commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other commodities), educational activity, and overseas travel.

Male person homosexuality is illegal in Tonga,^[32] with a maximum punishment of ten years' imprisonment.^[33] Tongans have universal access to a national health intendance organisation. The Constitution of Tonga protects land ownership; country cannot be sold to foreigners (although it may be leased).^[34]

Political culture [edit]

King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou 4 and his government made some problematic economic decisions and were accused by democracy activists, including former prime minister ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, of wasting millions of dollars on unwise investments. The problems have more often than not been driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes – considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid 1990s past the current crown prince),^[35] and selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to naturalise the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns inside Tonga).^[36]

Schemes also included the registering of foreign ships (which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda);^[37] claiming geo-orbital satellite slots (the acquirement from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the state);^[38] holding a long-term charter on an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Airport, leading to the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines;^[39] and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to Cathay (against the advice of Tongan medical officials and decades of health-promotion messaging).^[40]

The king proved vulnerable to speculators with big promises and lost reportedly Us$26 1000000 to Jesse Bogdonoff, a financial adviser who called himself the king's courtroom jester. The police imprisoned prodemocracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the newspaper The Tongan Times (printed in New Zealand and sold in Tonga) considering the editor had been vocally critical of the rex's mistakes.^[41] Notably, the Keleʻa, produced specifically to critique the government and printed in Tonga by prodemocracy leader ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that time. Pōhiva, however, had been subjected to harassment in the form of barratry (frequent lawsuits).^[42]

In mid-2003, the government passed a radical constitutional amendment to "Tonganize" the printing, past licensing and limiting freedom of the printing, then every bit to protect the image of the monarchy. The amendment was dedicated by the government and by royalists on the ground of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. Every bit of Feb 2004^[update], those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi ʻo Tonga (Tongan Times), the Keleʻa, and the Matangi Tonga – while those permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or progovernment.

The bill was opposed in the form of a several-k-potent protest march in the capital, a telephone call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the rex and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure level the Tongan regime to democratise the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. The latter was supported by some 160 signatures, including seven of the nine elected, "People's Representatives".

The then-Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa and Pilolevu, the Princess Regal, remained more often than not silent on the issue. In total, the changes threatened to destabilise the polity, fragment support for the status quo, and place further pressure on the monarchy.

In 2005, the government spent several weeks negotiating with striking civil-service workers before reaching a settlement. The civil unrest that ensued was not limited to Tonga; protests outside the King's New Zealand residence fabricated headlines.

Prime Government minister Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala) (now King Tupou VI) resigned all of a sudden on 11 Feb 2006, and likewise gave upwardly his other cabinet portfolios. The elected minister of labour, Dr Feleti Sevele, replaced him in the interim.

On five July 2006, a driver in Menlo Park, California, caused the deaths of Prince Tuʻipelehake ʻUluvalu, his wife, and their driver. Tuʻipelehake, 55, was the cochairman of the constitutional reform committee, and a nephew of the male monarch.

Riots in Nukuʻalofa, 2006

The public expected some changes when George Tupou V succeeded his male parent in September 2006. On 16 November 2006, rioting broke out in the majuscule city of Nukuʻalofa when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the yr without having made whatsoever advances in increasing democracy in government. Pro-republic activists burned and looted shops, offices, and government buildings. As a result, more than than sixty% of the downtown area was destroyed and as many as six people died.^[43] The disturbances were ended by action from Tongan Security Forces and troops from New Zealand-led Joint Chore Force.^[44]

On 29 July 2008, the Palace announced that Male monarch George Tupou V would relinquish much of his power and would give up his role in day-to-day governmental affairs to the Prime number Minister. The purple chamberlain said that this was beingness done to set the monarchy for 2010, when nearly of the first parliament would be elected, and added: "The Sovereign of the only Polynesian kingdom ... is voluntarily surrendering his powers to meet the democratic aspirations of many of his people." The previous calendar week, the government said the king had sold state assets that had contributed to much of the royal family unit's wealth.^[45]

On xv March 2012, Rex George Tupou V contracted pneumonia and was brought to Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong. He was later diagnosed with leukaemia. His health deteriorated significantly shortly thereafter, and he died at 3:15 pm on 18 March 2012.^[46] He was succeeded by his brother Tupou 6, who was crowned on 4 July 2015.^[47]

Foreign relations [edit]

Tonga's foreign policy as of January 2009^[update] was described past Matangi Tonga as "Look Eastward" – specifically, as establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which actually lies to the north-west of the Pacific kingdom). Every bit of 2021, Mainland china has attained great influence in Tonga, financing infrastructure projects including a new purple palace, and holding two thirds of the land's strange debt.^[48]

Tonga retains cordial relations with the United states. Although information technology remains on good terms with the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, the 2 countries do non maintain particularly close relations, and the United Kingdom closed its High Commission in Tonga in 2006, although the Great britain High Committee was re-established in January 2020 afterward a xiv-twelvemonth absence. Tonga's relations with Oceania'southward regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are expert.^[49]

Tonga maintains strong regional ties in the Pacific. It is a full fellow member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Due south Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, the South Pacific Tourism Organisation, the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Military [edit]

The Tongan government supported the American "coalition of the willing" action in Iraq and deployed 40+ soldiers (as function of an American strength) in tardily 2004. The contingent returned home on 17 December 2004.^[50] In 2007 a second contingent went to Iraq, and two more were sent during 2008 every bit part of continued support for the coalition. Tongan interest ended at the cease of 2008 with no reported loss of life.

In 2010, Brigadier Full general Tauʻaika ʻUtaʻatu, commander of the Tonga Defence force Services, signed an agreement in London committing a minimum of 200 troops to co-operate with United kingdom's International Security Help Forcefulness in Afghanistan. The task completed in April 2014 and the UK presented Operational Service Medals to each of the soldiers involved during a parade held in Tonga.^[51]

Tonga has contributed troops and police to the Bougainville conflict in Papua-New Guinea and to the Australian-led RAMSI strength in the Solomon Islands.

Authoritative divisions [edit]

Tonga is subdivided into five administrative divisions: ʻEua, Haʻapai, Niuas, Tongatapu, and Vavaʻu.^{[52] [53]}

Geography [edit]

Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly due south of Samoa and about two-thirds of the fashion from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 171 islands, 45 of them inhabited,^[1] are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an 800-kilometre (500-mile)-long northward–south line.

The largest island, Tongatapu, on which the majuscule urban center of Nukuʻalofa is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi). Geologically the Tongan islands are of 2 types: near have a limestone base formed from uplifted coral formations; others consist of limestone overlaying a volcanic base of operations.

Climate [edit]

Tonga has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with a distinct warm menstruation (December–Apr), during which the temperatures rise to a higher place 32 °C (89.6 °F), and a libation period (May–November), with temperatures rarely rising above 27 °C (80.6 °F). The temperature and rainfall range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) and i,700 mm (66.9 in) on Tongatapu in the south to 27 °C (eighty.6 °F) and 2,970 mm (116.9 in) on the more than northerly islands closer to the Equator.

The average wettest catamenia is around March with on average 263 mm (10.4 in).^[54] The average daily humidity is eighty%. The highest temperature recorded in Tonga was 35 °C (95 °F) on 11 Feb 1979 in Vava'u. The coldest temperature recorded in Tonga was 8.seven °C (47.seven °F) on viii September 1994 in Fua'amotu. Temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) or lower are usually measured in the dry out season and are more frequent in southern Tonga than in the northern islands.^[55] The tropical cyclone season currently runs from 1 November to 30 April, though tropical cyclones tin can course and bear on Tonga exterior of the season. According to the WorldRiskReport 2021, Tonga ranks third amid the countries with the highest disaster risk worldwide – mainly due to the country's exposure to multiple natural hazards.^[56]

Climate information for Nukuʻalofa (Köppen Af)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	32 (90)	32 (90)	31 (88)	30 (86)	30 (86)	28 (82)	28 (82)	28 (82)	28 (82)	29 (84)	30 (86)	31 (88)	32 (90)
Average high °C (°F)	29.4 (84.9)	29.9 (85.8)	29.six (85.three)	28.5 (83.3)	26.8 (fourscore.2)	25.viii (78.four)	24.nine (76.8)	24.8 (76.half-dozen)	25.three (77.5)	26.4 (79.5)	27.6 (81.vii)	28.7 (83.7)	27.3 (81.1)
Daily hateful °C (°F)	26.4 (79.5)	26.8 (80.2)	26.vi (79.ix)	25.3 (77.5)	23.six (74.5)	22.7 (72.9)	21.5 (70.7)	21.5 (70.seven)	22.0 (71.6)	23.1 (73.half-dozen)	24.4 (75.9)	25.half-dozen (78.1)	24.1 (75.four)
Average depression °C (°F)	23.4 (74.1)	23.7 (74.vii)	23.6 (74.5)	22.i (71.eight)	20.3 (68.five)	19.5 (67.1)	18.i (64.vi)	xviii.ii (64.8)	18.6 (65.5)	19.7 (67.5)	21.one (70.0)	22.5 (72.5)	20.9 (69.6)
Tape low °C (°F)	16 (61)	17 (63)	fifteen (59)	15 (59)	thirteen (55)	xi (52)	ten (50)	11 (52)	11 (52)	12 (54)	13 (55)	16 (61)	10 (50)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	174 (half dozen.nine)	210 (viii.iii)	206 (viii.1)	165 (6.5)	111 (4.4)	95 (3.seven)	95 (iii.seven)	117 (4.6)	122 (4.8)	128 (5.0)	123 (4.8)	175 (6.9)	1,721 (67.8)
Average rainy days	17	19	19	17	15	fourteen	15	13	thirteen	11	12	15	180
Average relative humidity (%)	77	78	79	76	78	77	75	75	74	74	73	75	76
Source: Weatherbase[57]

Ecology [edit]

Tonga contains the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.^[58]

In Tonga, dating back to Tongan legend, flight bats are considered sacred and are the property of the monarchy. Thus, they are protected and cannot be harmed or hunted. As a result, flying flim-flam bats have thrived in many of the islands of Tonga.^{[59] [threescore]}

Wattled honeyeater in Tonga

The bird life of Tonga includes a total of 73 species, of which two are endemic; the Tongan whistler and the Tongan megapode. Five species accept been introduced by humans, and 8 are rare or accidental. Seven species are globally threatened.

Economic system [edit]

A proportional representation of Tonga exports, 2019

A Tongan one-cent (seniti taha) coin

Tonga's economy is characterised by a large nonmonetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the half of the country's population who live away (importantly in Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand, and the Usa). The regal family and the nobles dominate and largely own the monetary sector of the economic system – particularly the telecommunication and satellite services. Tonga was named the 6th-most corrupt country in the globe by Forbes magazine in 2008.^[61]

Tonga was ranked the 165th-safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Land Risk rankings.^[62]

The manufacturing sector consists of handicrafts and a few other very pocket-sized industries, which contribute merely almost 3% of GDP.^{[ citation needed ]} Commercial business organisation activities also are inconspicuous, and to a large extent, are dominated by the same big trading companies establish throughout the South Pacific. In September 1974, the land's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened.

Tonga'south development plans emphasise a growing private sector, upgrading agronomical productivity, revitalising the squash and vanilla-bean industries, developing tourism, and improving communications and send. Substantial progress has been made, just much work remains to exist done. A small, growing structure sector is developing in response to the arrival of assist money and remittances from Tongans abroad. In recognition of such a crucial contribution, the government has created a new department in the Prime Minister's Office with the purpose of catering for the needs of Tongans living away. In 2007, the Tongan Parliament amended citizenship laws to allow Tongans to hold dual citizenship.^[63]

The tourist industry is relatively undeveloped. The government recognises that tourism can play a major function in economic development, and efforts are being made to increase this source of revenue. Cruise ships frequently end in Vavaʻu, with a reputation for its whale watching, game angling, surfing, beaches, and is increasingly becoming a major player in the South Pacific tourism market.^[64]

Tonga's postage stamp stamps, featuring colourful and ofttimes unusual designs (including eye-shaped and banana-shaped stamps), are pop with philatelists.^[65]

In 2005, the country became eligible to become a member of the World Trade Organization. Later on an initial voluntary delay, Tonga became a total member of the WTO on 27 July 2007.

The Tonga Chamber of Commerce and Industry, incorporated in 1996, endeavours to represent the interests of its members, private sector businesses, and to promote economic growth in the Kingdom.

Tonga is domicile to some 106,000 people. More than double that number live overseas, mainly in the U.s., New Zealand, and Australia. Remittances from the overseas population take been declining since the onset of the 2008 global economic crisis. The tourism industry is improving, only remains pocket-size at nether 90,000 tourists per year.^[66]

Agronomics [edit]

In Tonga, agriculture and forestry (together with fisheries) provide the majority of employment, strange exchange earnings, and food.^{[67] [68]} Rural Tongans rely on both plantation and subsistence agriculture. Plants grown for both marketplace cash crops and habitation employ include bananas, coconuts, coffee beans, vanilla beans, and root crops such as cassava, sweetness irish potato, and taro. Equally of 2001^[update], two-thirds of agronomical land was in root crops.^[67]

The processing of coconuts into copra and desiccated (dried) coconut was in one case the but significant manufacture, and just commercial consign. Deteriorating prices on the world market and lack of replanting brought this in one case vibrant industry, as in near island nations of the South Pacific, to a complete standstill.

Swine and poultry are the major types of livestock. Horses are kept for draft purposes, primarily by farmers working their ʻapi ʻuta (a plot of bushland). More cattle are being raised, and beef imports are declining.^[63]

The traditional feudal state ownership system meant that farmers had no incentive to invest in planting long-term tree crops on state they did not own. In the late 20th century, kava and vanilla from larger plantations became the main agricultural exports, together with squash.^[67] The export of squash to Japan, beginning in 1987, one time brought relief to Tonga's struggling economy, but local farmers became increasingly wary of the Japanese market place due to price fluctuations, and the huge financial risks involved.^{[63] [69]}

Energy [edit]

Energy in Tonga mostly comes from imported diesel.^[lxx] Free energy consumption in Tonga is projected to reach around 66 gigawatt hours past 2020.^[71] The country aimed to reach 50% of renewable energy by 2020.^[71] In 2019, Tonga announced the construction of a 6-megawatt solar farm on Tongatapu.^[72] The establish will be the second-largest solar institute in the Pacific upon completion.^[72]

In view of the decreasing reliability of fossil-fuel electricity generation, its increasing costs, and negative environmental side effects, renewable free energy solutions have attracted the authorities'due south attention. Together with IRENA, Tonga has planned a renewable free energy based strategy to power the principal and outer islands. The strategy focuses on solar home systems that turn individual households into small power plants. It calls for the involvement of local operators, finance institutions, and technicians to provide sustainable business concern models and strategies to ensure the effective performance, management, and maintenance once the systems are installed.^[73]

The Pacific Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency was established in Tonga in 2016 to advise the private sector on related policy matters, provide chapters development and promote business concern investment.^[74] The centre facilitates a fiscal mechanism offering competitive grants for start-ups to spur the adoption of renewable free energy past the business organisation sector. The center is function of the Global Network of Regional Sustainable Free energy Centres and SIDS DOCK framework designed to attract international investment in the renewable energy sector.

With the assistance of IRENA, Tonga has developed the 2010–2020 Tonga Energy Road Map, which aims for a fifty% reduction of diesel fuel importation. This was to exist accomplished through a range of appropriate renewable technologies, including wind and solar, as well equally innovative efficiencies.^[75] Every bit of 2018, Tonga was generating 10% of its electricity from renewable sources.^[76]

Demographics [edit]

Tonga's population (1961–2003) in thousands

Over 70% of the 106,017^{[eight] [9]} inhabitants live on its chief island, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nukuʻalofa, where European and ethnic cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties remain influential throughout the land. Despite emigration, Tonga grew in population from about 32,000 in the 1930s to more than 90,000 by 1976.^[77]

Ethnic groups [edit]

Ethnic groups in Tonga
Ethnic groups			percent
Tongan			97.03%
Office Tongan			0.79%
Chinese			0.73%
Fijian			0.iii%
European			0.25%
Indo-Fijian			0.12%
Other Pacific Islander			0.two%
Other Asian			0.19%
Other			0.37%
Not stated			0.03%

According to the government portal, Tongans, Polynesian past ethnicity with a mixture of Melanesian, represent more than 98% of the inhabitants. About 1.5% are mixed Tongans and the rest are European (the majority are British), mixed European, and other Pacific Islanders. In 2001, about 3,000 to four,000 Chinese lived there, comprising 3 to 4% of the total Tongan population.^[78] The 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots mainly targeted Chinese-owned businesses, leading to the emigration of several hundred Chinese^[79] then that simply near 300 remain.^[80]

Languages [edit]

Tongan is the official language,^[7] along with English. A Polynesian language, it is closely related to Wallisian (Uvean), Niuean, and Hawai'ian.

Faith [edit]

Tonga does not have an official state organized religion.^[81] The Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1998) provides for freedom of faith.^[82]

In 1928, Queen Salote Tupou Iii, who was a member of the Gratis Wesleyan Church of Tonga, established the Free Wesleyan Church as the state religion of Tonga. The primary pastor of the Free Wesleyan Church building serves as the representative of the people of Tonga and of the church building at the coronation of a king or queen of Tonga, where he anoints and crowns the monarch. In opposition to the establishment of the Free Wesleyan Church as a state religion, the Church of Tonga separated from the Free Wesleyan Church in 1928.

Islam in Tonga is a small minority religion in the country. Muslims in Tonga belong to Sunni denomination. Al-Khadeejah Mosque is a prominent mosque in Tonga.

Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and by the Christian faith; for case, all commerce and entertainment activities stop on Sun, from the start of the 24-hour interval at midnight, to the stop of the day at midnight. The constitution declares the Sabbath sacred forever. The official figures from the latest regime census as of 2011^[update] show that xc% of the population are affiliated with a Christian church or sect, with the iv major church building affiliations in the kingdom:^[83]

• Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga (36,592 or 36%)
• The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (xviii,554 or eighteen%)
• Roman Catholics (15,441 or 15%)
• Gratuitous Church of Tonga (11,863 or 12%)

The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-24-hour interval Saints sent missionaries in 1891 to visit King Siaosi (George) Tupo, where they obtained permission to preach.

Wellness [edit]

By some published surveys, Tonga has i of the highest obesity rates in the earth.^[84] World Health Organisation data published in 2014 betoken that Tonga stands fourth overall in terms of countries listed past mean body mass index data. In 2011, 90% of the adult population were considered overweight using NIH interpretation of body mass index (BMI) information, with more than than 60% of those obese.^[85] 70% of Tongan females aged 15–85 are obese. Tonga and Republic of nauru accept the world'south highest overweight and obese populations.^[86]

In late Oct 2021, Tonga reported its kickoff case of COVID-19 based on a New Zealand air passenger's positive test.^[87]

Education [edit]

Primary education between ages 6 and 14 is compulsory and free in state schools. Mission schools provide about 8% of the principal and 90% of the secondary level of education. Country schools make upwards for the balance. Higher education includes instructor training, nursing, and medical training, a small private university, a woman'south business organization college, and a number of private agronomical schools. Almost levels of higher education are pursued overseas.

Tongans savour a relatively loftier level of education, with a 98.9% literacy charge per unit,^[88] and college education up to and including medical and graduate degrees (pursued mostly overseas). They hold the body of academic cognition created by their scholars in loftier esteem and the Kukū Kaunaka Collection, which comprises every doctoral and master's dissertation written by any Tongan in whatever land is archived by Seu'ula Johansson-Fua at the Institute for Pedagogy in Tonga.^[89]

Emigration [edit]

Contemporary Tongans ofttimes take strong ties to overseas lands. Many Tongans have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, or the United States to seek employment and a higher standard of living.

In 2018, 82,389 Tongans lived in New Zealand.^{[ninety] [91]} The United States is the preferred destination for many Tongan emigrants, and as of 2000, 36,840 Tongans were living in the US.^[92] More than than 8,000 Tongans alive in Australia.^[93] The Tongan diaspora retains close ties to relatives at home,^{[ commendation needed ]} and a pregnant portion of Tonga's income derives from remittances^{[94] [95]} to family members (oft aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga.

Culture [edit]

Humans take lived in Tonga for nearly 3,000 years since settlement in late Lapita times. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early on 18th centuries, Tongans had frequent contacts with their nearest Oceanic neighbours, Fiji and Niue. In the 19th century, with the inflow of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, particularly in religion. Equally of 2013^[update], almost 98% of residents profess Christianity. The people discarded some old behavior and habits and adopted others.

Sport [edit]

Rugby union [edit]

Rugby wedlock is the national sport,^[96] and the national squad (ʻIkale Tahi, or Sea Eagles) has performed quite well on the international stage. Tonga has competed in six Rugby World Cups since 1987. The 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups were Tonga's well-nigh successful to date, both winning ii out of four matches and in a running run a risk for the quarterfinals. In the 2007 Rugby World Loving cup, Tonga won its first two matches, against the USA 25–xv, and Samoa xix–fifteen. They came very close to upsetting the eventual winners of the 2007 tournament, the South African Springboks, losing 30–25. A defeat past England, 36–20 in their concluding puddle game ended their hopes of making the knockout stages. Nevertheless, by picking up third place in their puddle games behind Due south Africa and England, Tonga earned automatic qualification for the 2011 Rugby Globe Cup in New Zealand. In Puddle A of the 2011 Rugby Globe Cup, Tonga beat out both Nihon 31–18 and 5th ranked^[97] eventual finalist France 19–14 in the latter puddle stages. However, a previous heavy defeat by the All Blacks at the tournament'southward opener (41–10) and a subsequent tight defeat by Canada (25–20) meant that Tonga lost out to France (who also lost to NZ) for the quarter finals due to 2 bonus points and a points difference of 46.

Tonga'due south best result before 2007 came in 1995, when they beat Côte d'Ivoire 29–11, and 1999 when they beat Italy 28–25 (although with only 14 men they lost heavily to England, 101–ten). Tonga perform the Ikale Tahi war dance or Sipi Tau (a form of Kailao) earlier all their matches. Tonga used to compete in the Pacific Tri-Nations against Samoa and Fiji, which has now been replaced by the World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup, which now involves Japan, Canada, and the U.s.a.. At club level, there are the Datec Cup Provincial Championship and the Pacific Rugby Loving cup. Rugby union is governed by the Tonga Rugby Football game Union, which was a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Brotherhood and contributed to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team, before they were disbanded in 2009.

Many players of Tongan descent – eastward.chiliad., Jonah Lomu, Israel Folau, Viliami "William" ʻOfahengaue, Malakai Fekitoa, Ben Afeaki, Charles Piutau, Frank Halai, Sekope Kepu, George Smith, Wycliff Palu, Sitaleki Timani, Salesi Ma'afu, Anthony and Saia Faingaa, Marker Gerrard, Cooper Vuna, Doug Howlett, Toutai Kefu and Tatafu Polota-Nau – have played for either the All Blacks or the Wallabies. British and Irish gaelic Lion and Welsh international player Taulupe "Toby" Faletau is Tongan born and the son of Tongan international Kuli Faletau. Taulupe'due south cousins and England international players Billy and Mako Vunipola (who is also a British and Irish gaelic Lion), are sons of onetime Tonga rugby captain Atomic number 26'ao Vunipola. Rugby is pop among the nation's schools, and students from schools such equally Tonga Higher and Tupou College are regularly offered scholarships in New Zealand, Australia and Japan.

Rugby league [edit]

Rugby league has gained some success. Tonga made their first appearance at a Rugby League Globe Cup in the 1995 edition where they went out in the first phase but narrowly lost to New Zealand. They have since appeared in each subsequent Rugby League World Cup tournament. In the 2008 Rugby League Earth Cup Tonga recorded wins against Ireland and Scotland. Just earlier the 2017 World Cup, various loftier-profile players, led past Jason Taumalolo and Andrew Fifita, defected from their tier one nations to represent their nation of heritage. This led to them defeating New Zealand in Hamilton at Waikato Stadium on xi November at that tournament. The national squad has since also recorded victories against Neat Great britain and the world number one Australia. In addition to the success of the national team, many players of Tongan descent brand it big in the Australian National Rugby League competition. These include Jason Taumalolo, Israel Folau, Tyson Frizell, Tevita Pangai Junior, Konrad Hurrell, David Fusitua, Tuimoala Lolohea, Sio Siua Taukeiaho, Jorge Taufua, William Hopoate, Andrew Fifita, Ben Murdoch-Masila, Felise Kaufusi, Willie Stonemason, Manu Vatuvei, Brent Kite, Fuifui Moimoi, Willie Tonga, Anthony Tupou, Antonio Kaufusi, Michael Jennings, Tony Williams, Feleti Mateo. Subsequently, some Tongan rugby league players have established successful careers in the Super League such as Antonio Kaufusi.^[98]

Olympics [edit]

Bated from rugby, Tonga has also produced athletes who take competed at both the Summertime and Winter Olympics. Tonga's simply Olympic medal came from the 1996 Summertime Olympics in Atlanta, where Paea Wolfgramm won silverish in super heavyweight boxing. I athlete attended the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

American football [edit]

Several Tongans have been football players in the National Football League, including Tuineau Alipate, Spencer Folau, Lakei Heimuli, Steve Kaufusi, Ma'ake Kemoeatu, Deuce Lutui, Siupeli Malamala, Tim Manoa, Stan Mataele, Vili Maumau, Alfred Pupunu, Vai Sikahema, Star Lotulelei, Vita Vea, and Peter Tuipulotu.^[99]

Media [edit]

• Matangi Tonga – online newspaper
• Taimi o Tonga (Times of Tonga) – controversial newspaper
• Keleʻa – paper
• Talaki – newspaper
• Kalonikali – newspaper
• Tauʻataina – newspaper
• Kakalu – paper
• Tonga Broadcasting Commission (Television set Tonga, Television Tonga two, Radio Tonga 1, Radio Tonga ii – Kool 90FM, 103FM)

Encounter also [edit]

• Outline of Tonga
• Listing of islands and towns in Tonga

Notes [edit]

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Farther reading [edit]

Ethnography, culture, and history [edit]

• On the Edge of the Global: Modernistic Anxieties in a Pacific Island Nation (2011) by Niko Besnier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-7406-two
• Islanders of the South: Production, Kinship and Ideology in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga (1993) by Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 90 6718 058 0
• Identity and Evolution: Tongan Civilization, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift (2004) past Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Printing. ISBN xc 6718 215 X
• Manifestations of Mana: Political Power and Divine Inspiration in Polynesia (2014) by Paul van der Grijp. Vienna and Berlin: LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-90496-6
• Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood by Helen Morton
• Queen Salote of Tonga: The Story of an Era, 1900–65 by Elizabeth Woods-Ellem
• Tradition Versus Commonwealth in the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa by Stephanie Lawson
• Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs Cathy A. Pocket-size
• Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga (1977). Noel Rutherford. Melbourne: Oxford University Printing. ISBN 0-19-550519-0
• Tonga and the Tongans: Heritage and Identity (2007) Elizabeth Forest-Ellem. Alphington, Vic.: Tonga Research Association, ISBN 978-0-646-47466-3
• Early Tonga: As the Explorers Saw information technology 1616–1810. (1987). Edwin N Ferdon. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; ISBN 0-8165-1026-1
• The Art of Tonga (Ko due east ngaahi'aati'o Tonga) past Keith St Cartmail. (1997) Honolulu : University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0-8248-1972-1
• The Tonga Book past Paul. W. Dale
• Tonga by James Siers

Wild animals and environment [edit]

• Birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa past Dick Watling
• A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia: Including American Samoa, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Territory of the wallis and futuna islands past Dick Watling
• Guide to the Birds of the Kingdom of Tonga by Dick Watling

Travel guides [edit]

• Alone Planet Guide: Samoan Islands and Tonga by Susannah Farfor and Paul Smitz
• Moon Travel Guide: Samoa-Tonga past David Stanley

Bibliography [edit]

• Martin Daly (2009). Tonga: A New Bibliography. University of Hawaii Printing. ISBN978-0-8248-3196-seven. Archived from the original on 19 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

Fiction [edit]

• Brian K. Crawford (2009). Toki: A Historical Novel. Brian K. Crawford. ISBN978-0-557-03434-five. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved i March 2018.

External links [edit]

• Tonga. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Tonga from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Tonga at Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of Tonga

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga

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